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Journal of the Polish Section of IVR (ISSN:2082-3304)

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On the structure of normative intuitions: universal moral grammar

Mgr Maciej Próchnicki

Jagiellonian University


English abstract:
The aim of the article is to critically characterize the new, interdisciplinary research program on morality: universal moral grammar, and to describe its meaning for jurisprudence. Its proponents, such as John Mikhail and Marc Hauser, refer to John Rawls’ linguistic analogy, i.e. comparison of morality to language and suggestion to study it similarly to Noam Chomsky’s generative linguistics paradigm.

According to moral grammarians morality, like language, settles on innate, universal cognitive capacities, common to all people. Some evidence supporting these claim, come from various scientific disciplines, such as developmental psychology, neuroscience, anthropology or logic, but they are criticised as weak and inconclusive.

The article tries to assess to what extent the linguistic analogy is accurate and useful, analyzing some of the most important N. Chomsky’s claims and their adaptations to the systems of social norms, such as morality and law. The first argument is so called poverty of the stimulus, assuming that the classic learning mechanisms cannot explain the phenomenon of acquisition of language and morals. Other elements of N. Chomsky’s theories adapted to analyze morality include characterizing morality as a system of principles and parameters, divisions between I-morality/E-morality and competence/performance, and also an assumption that the specialized mental module for it exists.

Research conducted in universal moral grammar program may have substantial influence on jurisprudence. Firstly, assumptions made by moral grammarians can be seen as a construction of a modern, naturalized theory of natural law, based on empirical study. Moreover, the goal of the program is to fully describe concepts such as guilt, act, obligation or damage, and as an effect to schematize it as an advanced deontic logic, and also to discover sources of intuitions regarding them not only through research on their biopsychological foundations, but also through legal anthropology and comparative legal studies.

Keywords ethics, legal philosophy, generative linguistics, moral psychology, philosophy of mind, cognitive science, Noam Chomsky

Language: Polish

Received: 02.10.2016
Accepted: 28.11.2016

Published: Numer 1(14)/2017, pp. 102-114.

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88

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: cognitive science, ethics, generative linguistics, legal philosophy, Maciej Próchnicki, moral psychology, Noam Chomsky, philosophy of mind

May fashionable and just have something in common? – or a few words about „thick terms”, „thick concepts” and „thick properties”

Mgr Izabela Skoczeń

Jagiellonian University in Kraków


Abstract:
In the present article I explore two questions. First, what are the theoretical relations between thick terms, concepts and properties? I try to depict that the answer is dependent upon a choice of philosophical assumptions. Second, I explore what are the possible bonds between descriptive and evaluative components of thick expressions. I concentrate on the nature of the evaluative component and contrast the semantic and pragmatic approaches. Finally, I conclude that terms such as ‘legal’ are par excellence thick. Therefore, we should be aware of all the theoretical intricacies of the evaluative content when building a coherent theory of the legal realm.

Keywords: thick terms, thick concepts, thick properties, legal philosophy, law and language

Language: Polish

Published: Number 1(12)/2016, p. 55-63.

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Numer of downloads:
154

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: Izabela Skoczeń, law and language, legal philosophy, thick concepts, thick properties, thick terms

Hindsight bias and liability for damages

Dr Radosław Zyzik

Jesuit University Ignatianum in Cracow


English abstract:
Hindsight bias is one of the cognitive biases, which are biases that people make systematically and predictably. The essence of this bias is inability to correctly evaluate the probability of past events. Our tendency to overestimate it can lead to disturbing consequences in legal proceedings where such activities are on the agenda. In our analysis we will focus on assessing how the hindsight bias affects the way in which judges determine guilt in civil proceedings. Moreover, we will try to identify the consequences of moral, economic and legal aspects of theoretical analyzed cognitive error.

Keywords: hindsight bias, cognitive bias, liability for damages, cognitive psychology, civil law, legal philosophy

Language: Polish

Published: Number 2(11)/2015, p. 131-141.

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Number of downloads:
156

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: civil law, cognitive bias, cognitive psychology, hindsight bias, legal philosophy, liability for damages, radosław zyzik

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Keywords

instrumental rationality theory of meaning power transmission easement Bayes' theorem Marcin Romanowicz institutionalization of collective memory WTO liberalism human nature Thomas Bayes copyright dogmatic anthropology principle of law dignity beauty original position egology impartiality Immanual Kant Robert Audi conflict resolution conversational implicature contextualism Beata Polanowska-Sygulska Paul Ricoeur Dietmar von der Pfordten alternative dispute resolution Maciej Zieliński instrumentalization of law legal culture Paweł Banaś post-truth Natural kinds hermeneutic universalism dualism of law legal positivism test of a reasonable sceptic Butler Magdalena Glanc the Other visuality legal community state prosecutor Georgii Sibirtsev formalism ‘clarification’ theory of legal interpretation public truths Adam Sulikowski ethnocentrism

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