Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

Journal of the Polish Section of IVR (ISSN:2082-3304)

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Search Results for: legal theory

Legal Reasoning as Practical Reasoning in John M. Finnis’ New Natural Law Theory

Mgr Michał Sopiński

University of Warsaw

English abstract: This paper presents practical reasoning in the light of John M. Finnis’ new natural law theory. Finnis’ views were shaped by Aquinas’ thoughts on natural law but he was also strongly inspired by Germain Grisez’ new approach, so his theory could be named a new natural law theory. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of legal reasoning as practical reasoning, which Finnis intended mainly as a strong critique of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of legal reasoning based on the concept of the one right answer. According to the author of this paper, Finnis’ critical approach to Dworkin leads to a gradual extension of the former’s concept of legal reasoning to include positivistic aspects (rapprochement with Joseph Raz’ views) and institutional aspects (rapprochement with Neil MacCormick’s views). Therefore, Finnis’ theory of legal reasoning seems to be a model example of the rapprochement between natural law and legal positivism in contemporary philosophy of law.

Keywords: John M. Finnis, natural law, legal reasoning, practical reasoning, Ronald Dworkin, one right answer

Language: Polish

Published: Number 1(21)/2020, pp. 84-98.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2020.1.84

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Number of downloads: 831

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: John M. Finnis, legal reasoning, natural law, one right answer, practical reasoning, Ronald Dworkin

Should a Court Be Understanding for the Legislator? On Legislative Error from the Perspective of the Theory of Legal Interpretation

Mgr Marek Suska

University of Silesia in Katowice

English abstract: In the actual legislative processes, errors are often made: the legislator’s intentions are not always properly expressed in the legal provisions or there is insufficient clarity. The discrepancy between what the legislator said and what they meant to say poses a serious challenge to the theory and practice of legal interpretation. In this paper, the author analyses two possible reactions to a legislative error: correcting it or applying the provision in its literal meaning. The considerations are based on two decisions of the Criminal Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court, because in criminal law the protection of the prima facie understanding of the text is a very important value. In the final part of the paper, the author indicates factors which can affect the court’s attitude towards a legislative error in a specific case.

Keywords: legislative error, scrivener’s error, legal interpretation, law-making

Language: Polish

Published: Number 1(22)/2020, pp. 99-110.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2020.1.99

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Number of downloads: 776

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: lawmaking, legal interpretation, legislative error, scrivener’s error

Neil McCormick’s Theory of Legal Reasoning and Its Evolution

Mgr Michał Sopiński

University of Warsaw

Abstract: This paper traces, examines, and demonstrates Neil MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning and its evolution. MacCormick’s views were shaped gradually so his theory could be divided into two main stages. Therefore, the use of the diachronic approach is justified. The aim of this paper is to analyse the difference between the theses of the theory of legal reasoning explained in Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (1978) and general revisions to this theory marked in Rhetoric and the Rule of Law (2005). According to the author, the most important change in MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning is an examination of the role of deductive reasoning in the process of judicial reasoning. This change leads to an extension of the logical aspects of MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning (legal syllogism) to include rhetorical aspects (argumentative character of law) and ethical aspects (the idea of the rule of law). The evolution of the MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning seems to be a model example of the changes in contemporary philosophy of law.

Keywords: legal reasoning, MacCormick, legal syllogism, rhetoric, rule of law

Language: Original printed in Polish, English online translation

Received: 20.02.2018
Accepted:
19.05.2018

Published: Number 1(19)/2019, pp. 63-78

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2019.1.63ENG

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Number of downloads: 622

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: legal reasoning, legal syllogism, MacCormick, Michał Sopiński, rhetoric, rule of law

Rights – Person – Death. Part II: Daniel Sperling’s Theory and the Polish Legal System

Maksymilian Hau, Stanisław Jędrczak

University of Warsaw

Abstract: This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, which was published in 2018, we presented arguments in support of the concept of posthumous interests. Posthumous interests are understood as events that constitute a benefit or a harm to the deceased person, who no longer exists. A right is the interest of a person, which is recognized and protected by law. In the second part, we examine the possibility of applying the theory of posthumous interests in the Polish legal system. We address the following issues: medical confidentiality, protection of medical data after the death of a patient, author’s moral rights, protection of the memory of the deceased, the law on orders and decorations, and the legal status of human corpses. The theoretical background for this article was the book by Daniel Sperling Posthumous Interest, in which the author outlined the problem in point from the perspective of the common law regime.

Keywords: death, person, interests of the deceased, human being, protection of the memory of the deceased

Language: Polish

Received: 24.06.2017
Accepted:
28.09.2017

Published: Number 1(19)/2019, pp. 27-37

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2019.1.27

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Number of downloads: 691

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: death, human being, interests of the deceased, Maksymilian Hau, person, protection of the memory of the deceased, Stanisław Jędrczak

Systems Theory and Puzzles of Legal Culture

Dr Jan Winczorek

University of Warsaw


English abstract: Legal culture is a concept as central to legal studies and sociology of law as difficult to define. It aims to serve important theoretical needs but it is also responsible for some puzzles that trouble legal and socio-legal scholars. Some of them are quite famous: the puzzle of the nature of Japanese litigiousness, the puzzle of differing German and Dutch legal cultures, or, recently, the issue of cultural defence. Some are lesser known, like the multitude of courts’ adjudicating strategies in Poland’s allegedly unitary legal culture. The paper argues that the problems of such nature are a conceptual artefact, a result of objectifying understanding of legal culture as a phenomenon. It is stressed that in such studies more weight should be put on the immediate, procesual nature of investigated phenomena. In order to support these claims, conceptual machinery of systems theory is utilised. First, a general view of N. Luhmann regarding the notion of culture is accepted and applied to the idea of legal culture. Further it is demonstrated how the aims served by the notion of legal culture can be achieved by appealing to such theoretical concepts as structural coupling, first- and second- order observation, and above all – temporal nature of social systems. A general conclusion of the paper is that in the study of “legal culture” an evolutionary perspective is unavoidable.

Keywords: Niklas Luhmann, Systems Theory, legal culture, structural coupling, first-order observation, second-order observation, temporal nature of social systems

Language: English

Published: Number 1(4)/2012, pp. 106-125.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2012.1.106

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Number of Downloads:
671

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: first-order observation, legal culture, Niklas Luhmann, second-order observation, structural coupling, Systems Theory, temporal nature of social systems

Law & Economics as a Theory of Decision Making in Legal Contexts – Decision Theoretical Foundations, Their Misinterpretations and Excessive Claims of Economic Analysis of Law

Mgr Magdalena Małecka

Polish Academy of Sciences

English abstract: The article treats law & economics as a proposal of a theory of decision making in legal settings. It is emphasized that the distinction between two approaches in economic analysis of law: the neoclassical and the behavioral one, is made with reference to two different theories of decision making applied in the realm of each approach. The neoclassical approach is based on the theory of expected utility, whereas the behavioral one – on prospect theory. According to the scholars on both sides, application of decision theory might be helpful in influencing behavior by legal norms in a more sophisticated way. The claim of the article is that law & economics scholars misinterpret the assumptions and propositions of the theories and/or formulate excessive claims, if they argue that decision theoretical findings provide knowledge about the way in which people’s decisions are influenced by law.

Keywords: law & economics, theory of decision making, legal norm

Language: English

Published: Number 1(4)/2012, pp. 34-50.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2012.1.34

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Number of downloads:
641

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: law & economics, legal norm, theory of decision making

The ‘clarification’ theory of legal interpretation as a theory of justification. Psycholinguistic perspective and the positivist idea of legal interpretation

Mgr Marcin Romanowicz

University of Warsaw


English abstract:
Within the framework of legal positivism on the ground of Polish legal theory there was founded, in the scope of the issue of legal interpretation, the ‘clarification’ theory, formulated by J. Wróblewski. Adopting psycholinguistic perspective for the analysis of above mentioned theory allows to take the knowledge about human linguistic cognition into consideration and compare it with the vision of achieving understanding of legal text as understood by J. Wróblewski. Thus conducted “mental experiment” – moving from the level of the legal theory to the level of psycholinguistics – reveals “hidden” properties of J. Wróblewski theory of legal interpretation. First of all, as far as the question about the status of his theory is concerned, it allows to formulate a conclusion that it is neither a descriptive nor a normative theory of legal interpretation. It is possible to accept only as a normative theory of justification of interpretation decisions in the process of law application.

Keywords: Jerzy Wróblewski, ‘clarification’ theory of legal interpretation, psycholinguistics (keywords supplied by the editors)

Language: Polish

Published: Number 1(2)/2011, pp. 55-74.

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Number of downloads:
720

References:

  1. Alexy R., The Argument from Injustice. A Reply to Legal Positivism, Oxford 2002.
  2. Barankiewicz T., Inkluzywny pozytywizm prawniczy. Geneza, rozwój, główne idee, „Państwo i Prawo” 2010/1.
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  7. Coleman J.L., Shapiro S. (red.), Oxford Handbook Of Jurisprudence And Philosophy Of Law, Oxford 2002.
  8. Dworkin R., Imperium prawa, Warszawa 2006.
  9. Dybowski K., Johna Austina filozofia prawa, Toruń 1991.
  10. Dyrda A., Argument „semantycznego ukąszenia” a teoria prawa Jerzego Wróblewskiego, „Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej” 2010/1.
  11. Gizbert-Studnicki T., Dyrektywy wykładni drugiego stopnia, w: Choduń A., Czepita S., (red.), W poszukiwaniu dobra wspólnego. Księga Jubileuszowa Profesora Macieja Zielińskiego, Szczecin 2010.
  12. Grabowski A., Prawnicze pojęcie obowiązywania prawa stanowionego. Krytyka niepozytywistycznej koncepcji prawa, Kraków 2009.
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  14. Himma K.E., Inclusive Legal Positivism, w: J.L. Coleman, S. Shapiro (red.), Oxford Handbook Of Jurisprudence And Philosophy Of Law, Oxford 2002.
  15. Holocher J., Kontekst odkrycia i kontekst uzasadnienia w świetle topicznej koncepcji prawa, „Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne” 2009/LXXX.
  16. Kurcz I., Język i komunikacja, w: Strelau J., (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki, Gdańsk 2004, t. II.
  17. Kurcz I., Polkowska A., Interakcyjne i autonomiczne przetwarzanie informacji językowej na przykładzie procesu rozumienia tekstu czytanego na głos, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk–Łódź 1990
  18. Lakatos I., The methodology of scientific research programmes, Nowy Jork 1978.
  19. Lang W., Wróblewski J., Zawadzki S., Teoria państwa i prawa, Warszawa 1986.
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  27. Morawski L., Zasady wykładni prawa, Toruń 2006
  28. Neisser U., Cognitive Psychology, Nowy Jork 1967.
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  30. Pietrzykowski T, „Miękki pozytywizm” i spór o regułę uznania, w: Stelmach J. (red.), Studia z filozofii prawa, Kraków 2000.
  31. Płeszka K., Gizbert-Studnicki T., Dwa ujęcia wykładni. Próba konfrontacji, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z Nauk Politycznych”, z. 20, Kraków 1982
  32. Płeszka K., Reguły preferencji w prawniczych rozumowaniach interpretacyjnych w: Stelmach J. (red.), Studia z filozofii prawa, Kraków 2003
  33. Popper K., Logika odkrycia naukowego, Warszawa 2006.
  34. Raz J., Incorporation by Law, w: A. Marmor, Between Authority and Interpretation, Oxford 2009.
  35. Romanowicz M., Przełomowe pytanie: cóż to jest nauka? w: „Sylwestrowe Warsztaty Naukowe”, Warszawa 2008.
  36. Romanowicz M., Wykładnia prawa w polskiej myśli prawnej – spór kluczowych teorii i próba opisu zjawiska, „Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego” 2010/1–2
  37. Stelmach J. (red.), Studia z filozofii prawa, Kraków 2000.
  38. Strelau J., (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki, Gdańsk 2004, t. II.
  39. Such J., Szcześniak M., Filozofia nauki, Poznań 1997.
  40. Taylor J.R., Gramatyka kognitywna, Kraków 2007.
  41. Woleński J., Logiczne problemy wykładni prawa, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace Prawnicze”, z. 56, Kraków 1972.
  42. Woleński J., Wstęp, w: Hart H.L.A., Pojęcie prawa, Warszawa 1998.
  43. Wróblewski J., Poziomy uzasadnienia decyzji prawnej, „Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne” 1988/XL
  44. Wróblewski J., Problems Related to the One Right Answer Thesis, „Ratio Juris” 1989/3
  45. Wróblewski J., Rozumienie prawa i jego wykładnia, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk–Łódź 1990.
  46. Wróblewski J., Zagadnienia teorii wykładni prawa ludowego, Warszawa 1959.
  47. Zieliński M., Bogucki O., Choduń A., Czepita S., Kanarek B., Municzewski A., Zintegrowanie polskich koncepcji wykładni prawa, „Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” 2009/4.
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Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: ‘clarification’ theory of legal interpretation, Jerzy Wróblewski, Marcin Romanowicz, psycholinguistics

Robert Alexy’s Theory of Legal Principles

Dr Milena Korycka

Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń


English abstract:
This article concerns Robert Alexy’s conception of legal principles, which conception he builds on the basis of an analysis of constitutional norms. The main assumption of his conception of rights is that in this field it is necessary to use the theory of principles as the basis. He created his own theory of principles as norms which require realization to the greatest extent possible in the light of legal and actual possibilities. Consequently, he defines principles as optimisation commands, capable of different degrees of realization depending on the actual and legal possibilities. The dimension of the legal possibility depends on the contrasting principles and rules. R. Alexy treats rules and principles as reasons of different kinds. While principles are always prima facie reasons, rules are definitive reasons until an exception to them is provided for. R. Alexy claims also that the nature of principles implies the existence of the principle of proportionality in the sense that the principle of proportionality with its three “sub-principles”: adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict sense, logically follows from the nature of principles and can be inferred from them

Keywords: Robert Alexy, legal principles, principle of proportionality
(keywords supplied by the editors)

Language: Polish

Published: Number 1(1)/2010, pp. 48-63.

Download file: Download

Number od downloads:
1,475

References:

  1. Alexy R., A Theory of Constitutional Rights, Oxford-New York 2002.
  2. Alexy R., Constitutional Rights, Balancing, and Rationality, „Ratio Juris” 2003/2.
  3. Alexy R., Jürgen Habermas’s Theory of Legal Discourse, ”Cardozo Law Review” 1995–1996/17.
  4. Alexy R., On the Structure of Legal Principles, ”Ratio Juris” 2000/3.
  5. Alexy R., On the Thesis of a Necessary Connection Between Law and Morality: Bulygin’s Critique, „Ratio Juris” 2000/2.
  6. Alexy R., The argument from justice. A reply to legal positivism, Oxford 2002.
  7. Alexy R., The Nature of Legal Philosophy, „Ratio Juris” 2004/2.
  8. Alexy R., W obronie niepozytywistycznej koncepcji prawa, „Państwo i Prawo” 1993/11.
  9. Dworkin R., The Model of Rules, ”The University of Chicago Law Review” 1967-68/35.
  10. Dworkin R., Imperium Prawa, Warszawa 2006.
  11. Gizbert-Studnicki T., Zasady i reguły prawne, „Państwo i Prawo” 1988/3.
  12. Habermas J., Between facts and norms, Cambridge 1996.
  13. Hart H.L.A., Pojęcie prawa, Warszawa 1998.
  14. Klatt M., Taking rights less seriously. A structural analysis of judicial discretion, „Ratio Juris” 2007/2.
  15. Korycka M., Zasada proporcjonalności – refleksje na gruncie aksjologicznych podstaw konstytucji z 1997 roku i orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, w: Morawski L. (red.), Wykładnia prawa i inne problemy filozofii prawa, Toruń 2005.
  16. Korycka M., Zasady prawa, „Jurysta” 2007/8.
  17. Morawski L. (red.), Wykładnia prawa i inne problemy filozofii prawa, Toruń 2005.
  18. Płeszka K., Reguły preferencji w prawniczych rozumowaniach interpretacyjnych, w: Stelmach J. (red.), Studia z filozofii prawa, Kraków 2003.
  19. Raz J., Autorytet prawa, Warszawa 2000.
  20. Stelmach J. (red.), Studia z filozofii prawa, Kraków 2003.
  21. Stelmach J., Sarkowicz R., Filozofia prawa XIX I XX w., Kraków 1998.
  22. Tuleja P., Normatywna treść praw jednostki w ustawach konstytucyjnych RP, Warszawa 1997.

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: legal principles, Milena Korycka, principle of proportionality, Robert Alexy

Against a local theory of meaning for the legal language – some general remarks

Mgr Paweł Banaś

Jagiellonian University


English abstract:
Within philosophy of law as well as philosophy of language one can find a view suggesting that legal and natural languages have two different theories of meaning: meaning externalism and intentionalism accordingly. This view can be interpreted as a metaphysical one, ie. that there are two different kinds of facts that determine that expressions of legal and natural languages mean whatever they mean. For natural language these facts would be intentions of the speaker. Such a view of natural language seem intuitive as the aim of a communication is usually trying to grasp whatever a speaker has in mind. Such a view proves, however, problematic for the legal language. Meaning exteralism for legal language, on the other hand, allows for law to be objective. But it must show how its expressions are meaningful (as content is usually closely related to intentionality). As a result, a satisfactory theory of facts constituting linguistic meaning might require a pressuposition that meaning (also legal or natural) is a social artifact: its content is constituted by some kind of collective intentionality of language users. This solves a numer of problems with both intentionalism and meaning externalism – but also creates new ones that might require further studies.

Keywords: intentionalism, meaning externalism, legal language, natural language, theory of meaning

Language: Polish

Received: 10.10.2016
Accepted: 12.11.2016

Published: Number 1(14)/2017, pp. 7-16.

Download file: Download

Number of downloads:
442

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: intentionalism, legal language, meaning externalism, natural language, Paweł Banaś, theory of meaning

Reflexivity and the Codification of Legal Ethics. Remarks on the Basis of Paul Ricoeur’s “Little Ethics” Theory

Dr Marcin Pieniążek

Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University


Abstract:
Codes of legal ethics encounter constant waves of criticism. It is pointed out that their disadvantage is, on the one hand, the excessive casuistry, limiting the possibility of taking independent decisions in cases of ethical and professional conflicts, and, on the other hand, the exaggerated declarative character of perfectionist ethical and professional virtues. The gap between the abovementioned perspectives, easily perceived in such codes, results in a dysfunctionality of professional ethics in the actions undertaken by members of the legal profession. The article, apart from the critical-comparative part, includes a proposal of reading and interpreting the content of the codes in a way that transgresses the above opposition. The theoretical basis of the presented position is provided by the concept of “little ethics” formulated by Paul Ricoeur in his work Oneself as Another. The ethical theory developed by Ricoeur combines the elements of Aristotelian ethics of virtues with Kantian ethics of duty. For this reason, it sets a uniform perspective for opposing elements, namely: subordination to the norm of the code and pursuit of ethical and professional self-improvement by legal professionals. The proposed solution belongs to the “reflexive” paradigm of the lawyer’s professional ethics proposed on the basis of Ricoeur’s onto-ethical theory.

Language: English

Keywords: legal ethics, codification, reflexivity, Paul Ricoeur, teleological ethics, deontological ethics, “little ethics”

Published: Number 2(13)/2016, pp. 39-50.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36280/AFPiFS.2016.2.39

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Number of downloads:
696

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: “little ethics”, codification, deontological ethics, legal ethics, Marcin Pieniążek, Paul Ricoeur, reflexivity, teleological ethics

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