Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

Journal of the Polish Section of IVR (ISSN:2082-3304)

IVR

Sztuczne sieci neuronalne w modelowaniu rozumowań prawniczych . O problemach wynikających ze specyfiki prawa

Mgr Rafał Michalczak

Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of artificial neural networks in modeling legal reasoning. In particular, the paper will be focused on specific problems which may occur only on the ground of legal reasoning and are difficult from the artificial intelligence perspective. The focal point of the paper is not to provide technical details of analyzed systems but to point out parts of legal conceptual framework which are inconsistent with classical techniques of designing of expert system. Paper consists description of a few legal expert systems based on artificial neural networks. Each of them is the basis for presentation of particular feature of legal reasoning which are considered difficult from the AI point of view e.g. vague concepts, open-texture, analogy.

Słowa kluczowe: sztuczne sieci neuronalne, program SplitUp, odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza, rozumowanie prawnicze

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 52-62

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Liczba ściągnięć: 296

Superfluum i nadwyżki znaczeniowe jako przykłady redundancji tekstu prawnego

Mgr Maciej Kłodawski

Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The subject of the paper is the notion of redundancy, which in the text of law may be perceived both from systemic point of view and linguistic perspective. Within systemic standpoint, the paper focuses on superfluum issue, which occurs when one provision is repeated by another legal provision (full superfluum) and when part of one provision becomes „new” provision (or its part) in the same or another legal text (partial superfluum). These manifestations of systemic redundancy are not always results of legislative mistakes (as might be noticed during analysis of selected examples of superfluum derived from Polish legal texts), but the evaluation of each case of superfluum depends on criterions, which in Polish legal system are incomplete and imprecise. In the second part, the paper discusses one kind of linguistic redundancy – semantic redundancy, which appears in pleonasms, tautologies and pleonastic analytisms. It is argued here, in contrary to majority of previous descriptions of semantic redundancy phenomenon presented in linguistics and legal theory, that some redundant expressions may be useful during interpretation of legal provisions, because in certain circumstances they may have pragmatic values. These values are: enhancing meaning, specifying meaning and explicating meaning. Furthermore, in some cases aforementioned pragmatic values may be reached by context-independent redundant expressions, what has been shown basing on examples from Polish legal texts.

Słowa kluczowe: superfluum, znaczenie tekstu prawnego, nadwyżki znaczeniowe, intencjonalność

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 38-51

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Liczba ściągnięć: 341

Rehabilitacja namiętności? Emocje a postulat bezstronności

Dr Maciej Wojciechowski

Uniwersytet Gdański

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: Traditional philosophical tension between a reason and emotions has been a subject of increasing objections. As a result emotions are defended by pointing their connections with beliefs, value judgments to name just a few strategies. This paper also takes up an attempt of this sort showing that traditional definition of emotions with features of the process of application of law makes a threat from the emotions for the impartiality of a judge much less warranted than it might seem. What is more, an attempt is taken up to argue that feeling can be a chance for impartiality conceived as argumentative openness.

Słowa kluczowe: rozum, emocje, bezstronność, decyzja sędziowska

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 71-77

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Liczba ściągnięć: 350

Prawo jako dyskurs o życiu – antropologia dogmatyczna Pierre’a Legendre’a

Dr Tatiana Chauvin

Uniwersytet Warszawski

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: In the present text the author introduces the concept of dogmatic anthropology – the original idea of French philosopher, lawyer and psychoanalyst Pierre Legendre. In this conception the positive order of law should be completed by „another scene”, i.e. human unconscious. The law and namely the justification of normativity is profoundly dependent of Freudian constructions of Totem and Taboo and Lacanian conception of mirror and the role of the father as big Other. Psychoanalytic categories serve to explain the sense of legitimacy of the normative order. Our time must acknowledge his uncertain and terrifying condition and recognize that the basic reflection focuses on question: why have the law? The role of the law refers to the establishment of a zone of Prohibition and principle of filiation. This allows a subject might be born in the institutional order and be protected by it. In this sense, the subject is captured by the institution and the law become the creator of life. P. Legendre stresses the importance of the Legal Text as a source of normativity establishing identity through words.

Słowa kluczowe: Pierre Legendre, antropologia dogmatyczna, psychoanaliza

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 5-24

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Liczba ściągnięć: 397

Jednolitość orzecznictwa a paradygmat interpretacyjny (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem reguły clara non sunt interpretanda)

Dr Tomasz Grzybowski

Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: A subject of the article is uniformity of judicial interpretation in the context of two rules of interpretation, namely a clara non sunt interpretanda rule and an omnia sunt interpretanda rule challenging first mentioned method. The author points out that taking into consideration omnia sunt interpretanda rule, i.e. order to perform interpretation in every case, may lead to disintegration of judicial interpretation and as a consequence destabilization of judicature in general. Main thesis of the article is that institutional conceptualization of the clara non sunt interpretanda rule is an answer to this threat, because application of this rule enhances the argument from precedent in judicature. According to abovementioned version of clara non sunt interpretanda rule, legal text is considered as obvious and needs no interpretation if its meaning is certain in previous judicial interpretation, e.g. there is line of precedents or preliminary ruling. However it must be underlined that clara non sunt interpretanda rule is not unquestionable. It is a defeasible argument in judicial discourse; it only changes an argumentation burden which does not rest on the one who refers to this rule, but on the one who challenges the rule (wants to perform interpretation).

Słowa kluczowe: wykładnia operatywna, clara non sunt interpretanda, omnia sunt interpretanda

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 25-37

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Liczba ściągnięć: 353

Dlaczego rozważa się stosowanie tortur – o kolizji fundamentalnych zasad porządku prawnego

Mgr Paweł Przygucki

Uniwersytet Łódzki

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The article focuses on the dispute about the possibility of legalizing tortures in certain circumstances, that is so-called ‘ticking bomb scenario’ and ‘innocent hostage scenario’. Those cases occurred in reality, thus they triggered a discussion about moral and legal aspects of tortures. The aim of this publication is to reveal that in fact the aforesaid issue is a question of a collision of fundamental principles of the legal system – on the one hand there are dignity and rights of the defendant, but on the other should be mentioned such worths as public security or protecting innocent people’ lives. This publication also describes methods of solving a collision of law’s principles (on the basis of R. Dworkin and R. Alexy recommendations) as well as attempts to propose a specific penal law reaction to a crime of torture committed by a police officer or any other public investigator.

Słowa kluczowe: stosowanie tortur, kolizja zasad, ticking-bomb scenario, innocent hostage scenario

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 2(7)/2013, s. 63-70

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Liczba ściągnięć: 363

„Are we all feminists now”? Wyzwania ze strony Feministycznej Jurysprudencji wobec tradycyjnej teorii prawa

Dr Lidia Rodak

Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The potential of Feminist Jurisprudence is mainly built on its criticism of Traditional Jurisprudence. Through the deconstruction of the latter’s main categories such as objectivity,justice, equality, and rationality, Feminist Jurisprudence aims to demonstrate that Traditional Jurisprudence tends to mask inequality, exclusion and lack of recognition rather than beingable to bring about change or provide the values under research. What is more, FJ indicates a wide range of topics that are not explored by Traditional Jurisprudence and thus have nochance to be dealt with using traditional tools. As a result, Feminist Jurisprudence provides a separate language, a different epistemology and methodological tools that can broadenaccess to justice including all subjects by giving them recognition. What follows from thesetwo approaches to jurisprudence and two distinct sets of epistemological assumptions isa different understanding of the subject and a different vision of social relations. As Feminist Jurisprudence convincingly shows, traditional law, with its inclination for objectivity defendslegal norms as part of the legal and social order rather than an individual autonomy andintegrity of subjects. In this paper I would like to suggest a middle-way solution going beyondthe dualistic categories of objectivity and subjectivity. The proposal calls for a deep structuralchange of the legal discourse as the only one that really matters from the feminist point of view.

Słowa kluczowe: jurysprudencja feministyczna, tradycyjna teoria prawa, obiektywizm, subiektywizm

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 1(8)/2014, s. 67-76

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Liczba ściągnięć: 418

Co może dać nauce prawa polityczność? Przyczynek do przyszłych badań

Dr Michał Paździora, Mgr Michał Stambulski

Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The political is a category entirely absent in the Polish theory and philosophy of law. Article presents history of “the political”, category developed by thinkers such as M. Weber, K. Marx, C. Schmitt, Ch. Mouffe and the main assumptions of the practical aims of theory of law present in alternative projects: Poznań-Szczecin methodological school and L. Morawski critical theory. Despite the declared theoretical differences, both projects are characterized by a similar understanding of the theory, which involves the objectivity of knowledge with involvement of universal point of view. Thus, the inclusion of the category of political in both projects, especially in legal education, is ignored.

Słowa kluczowe: polityczność, postmodernizm, antagonizm

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 1(8)/2014, s. 55-66

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Liczba ściągnięć: 358

Koncepcja interpelacji ideologicznej a krytyczny dyskurs o prawie

Mgr Rafał Mańko

Uniwersytet Amsterdamski

Abstrakt w języku angielskim: The present methodological paper aims at answering the question whether the notionof ideological interpellation, put forward by L. Althusser, in the form given to it by S. Žižek, can be operationalised in order to be deployed as a tool for the critical reading of legal texts. The paper gives a positive answer to the question, indicating that the application of the said method may contribute to the opening of legal discourse towards the impact of critical theory. The paper consists of three parts. The first part presents Žižek’s theory of ideology, the second part discusses the notion of ideological interpellation, and the third part is devoted to a preliminary attempt at operationalising the said notion.

Słowa kluczowe: Louis Althusser, Slavoj Žižek, interpelacja ideologiczna, teoria ideologii

Język artykułu: polski

Opublikowano: Numer 1(8)/2014, s. 41-54

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Liczba ściągnięć: 326